Aspiration

Pulmonary aspiration is the entry of material

Focus

selectively concentrating on one aspect of the environment while ignoring other things

Talent

Talent means the skill that someone has quite naturally to do something that is hard
 

Learn how to say 'no'

Sunday, 29 January 2012




Have you ever:
~ Been miserable at a party?
~ Felt like throwing up after a delicious meal?
~ Wanted to hang up on your best friend?
~ Felt like raging away at your partner?
The unpleasantness experienced in each of the above situations could have been avoided, if only you had taken a judgement call and said 'no' to someone:
~ 'No, I don't feel like coming to the party. I'd rather stay home and read a book.'
~ 'No, I'm really full. I don't think I can eat another morsel.'
~ 'No, truly, I have a headache and was lying down. I'll talk to you later.'
~ 'No, I don't want to visit your friends. I'd rather hang out with mine today.'

Saying 'no' at the right time and in the right way can save you the trouble of indulging in activities you'd rather avoid. Brenda D'Souza, a teacher from Mumbai says, "I feel that people should live as they choose -- that's why I never said no to anyone. Everyone around me then started taking me for granted, even the children at school."
Brenda realised she was doing more than her fair share of work -- she was correcting more papers than other teachers, she was toiling endlessly at home and she was running around doing chores for her extended family too.
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That's when a friend told her to rationalise. "She told me I have to learn to say 'no' to people," she recollects, "I was losing weight and developing health concerns. I explained to everyone around me that I needed to have some time to myself."
Initially people thought she was being selfish, but soon the thought gave way to concern and eventually acceptance. "Now I am much happier. I do only what is possible. I do not extend myself to keep others around me happy," she asserts.
Most people who have trouble turning down others when they are inclined to do so think that they are being selfish, or displeasing and hurting the opposite party when they say 'no'. Often, however, saying 'no' works better for both the parties in question.
Bhavana Premji* recollects an incident where saying 'no' helped her out of a sticky situation. "I was in college then. There was this friend who liked me. He'd proposed love to me many times but I was not interested in him. I cared very much for him as a friend, however and so I didn't give him a clear reply," she recalls.
One day her parents saw her with this guy. "I explained the situation to my parents. They told me to make up my mind. If I really liked the guy I should say so, or else I should tell him that I wasn't interested in anything beyond friendship. I was really upset. I didn't like him in that way, but I didn't want to say no. I didn't want to hurt him. He was a good friend."
However, Bhavana did say no to him eventually. "He took it very badly. He thought I was just playing hard to get. It took me two years to convince him that I really wasn't interested in him. Eventually, when he got the message he broke down. There was some girl in his class who got friendly with him then. She helped him get over me. Today they are happily married."
Bhavana feels and rightly so, that if she had not said no then, she and her friend would have both ended up unhappy.
Overdoing your 'no's
While there are those who have trouble saying 'no' even once in a while, there are others who tend to overdo them. They get into the habit of turning down everyone who poses them a question. "I have a colleague who says 'no' to everything," says Rekha [Images] Samant from Pune. "He is a very diligent worker, but because of his habit no one wants to team up with him on projects."
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Rekha believes that if only her colleague changed his attitude, he would be a very valuable resource to the organisation. "Everyone knows he does good work but because of his constant 'no's people get put off," she explains.
Strike a balance
The correct thing, then, is to be balanced about your 'no's. While a 'no' is very assertive, be cautious of where and how you use it. For some who still are not comfortable saying a direct 'no', here are a few alternatives:
~ 'You need to excuse me. I have to...'
~ 'Let me think about it. However...'
~ 'I'm a little busy at the moment...'
~ 'I would rather decline...'
~ 'I know someone else who can help you...'

Practice saying 'no'
There are situations where you cannot avoid a 'no'. If it is difficult for you to say so, here's what you can do:

~ Before confronting a situation where you know you will have to say 'no', practice saying it in front of a mirror, at least five times. Remember to smile when you do.
~ Say 'no' to telemarketers without hesitation if you don't require their services.
~ Say 'no' at least once a day to something you're not agreeable to.




BiCMOS Technology



The need for high-performance, low-power, and low-cost systems for network
transport and wireless communications is driving silicon technology toward higher
speed, higher integration, and more functionality. Further more, this integration of
RF and analog mixed-signal circuits into high-performance digital signal-
processing (DSP) systems must be done with minimum cost overhead to be
commercially viable. While some analog and RF designs have been attempted in
mainstream digital-only complimentary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS)
technologies, almost all designs that require stringent RF performance use bipolar
or semiconductor technology. Silicon integrated circuit (IC) products that, at
present, require modern bipolar or BiCMOS silicon technology in wired
application space include the essential optical network (SONET) and synchronous
digital hierarchy (SDH) operating at 10 Gb/s and higher.  
The viability of a mixed digital/analog. RF chip depends on the cost of making the
silicon with the required elements; in practice, it must approximate the cost of the
CMOS wafer, Cycle times for processing the wafer should not significantly exceed
cycle times for a digital CMOS wafer. Yields of the SOC chip must be similar to
those of a multi-chip implementation. Much of this article will examine process
techniques that achieve the objectives of low cost, rapid cycle time, and solid yield.

Electromagnetic bombs



Electromagnetic bombs are Weapons of Electrical Mass Destruction with
applications across a broad spectrum of targets, spanning both the strategic and
tactical. As such their use offers a very high payoff in attacking the fundamental
information processing and communication facilities of a target system. The
massed application of these weapons will produce substantial paralysis in any
target system, thus providing a decisive advantage in the conduct of Electronic
Combat, Offensive Counter Air and Strategic Air Attack. Generators would be
useless, cars wouldn’t run, and there would be no chance of making a phone call.
In a matter of seconds, a big enough e-bomb could thrust an entire city back 200
years or cripple a military unit. The basic principle used in an e-bomb is
electromagnetic pulse effect
EMP effect can result in irreversible damage to a wide range of electrical and
electronic equipment, particularly computers and radio or radar etc. having military
importance. Commercial computer equipment is particularly vulnerable to EMP
effects.The technology base which may be applied to the design of electromagnetic
bombs is both diverse, and in many areas quite mature. Key technologies which are
extant in the area are explosively pumped Flux Compression Generators (FCG),
explosive or propellant driven Magneto-Hydrodynamic (MHD) generators and a
range of HPM devices, the foremost of which is the Virtual Cathode Oscillator or
Vircator.

Abbreviations used in Electronics

Sunday, 22 January 2012


Abbreviations used in Electronics

A to Z



A (amp)
Ampere
AC
Alternating current
AC/DC
Alternating current or direct current
A/D
Analog to digital
ADC
Analog-to-digital converter
AF
Audio frequency
AFT
Automatic fine tunung
AFC
Automatic frequency control
AFC
Automatic flow controller, used in controlling the flow of gasses under pressure into a vacuum system
AGC
Automatic gain control
Ah
Ampere hour
Ai
Current gain
AM
Amplitude modulation
AM/FM
Amplitude modulation or Frequency modulation
AMM
Analog multimeter
antilog
Antilogarithm
Ap
Power gain
apc
Automatic phase control
Av
Voltage gain
AVC
Automatic volume control
AWG
American wire gauge
B
Flux density
BCD
Binary coded decimal
bfo
Beat frequency oscillator
BJT
Bipolar junction transistor
BW
Bandwidth
c
Centi (10-2)
C
Capacitance or capacitor
CAD
Computer aided design
CAM
Computer aided manufacture
CATV
Cable TV
CB
Common base configuration
CB
Citizen's band
CC
Common collector
CE
Common emitter
cm
Centimeter
cmil
Circular mil
CPU
Central processing unit
C (Q)
Coulomb
CR cr
Junction diode
CRO
Cathode ray oscilloscope
CRT
Cathode ray tube
CT
Total capacitance
cw
Continuous transmission
d
Deci (10-1)
D/A or D-A
Digital to analog
DC
Direct current
Di or Di
Change in current
DIP
Dual in-line package
DMM
Digital multimeter
DPDT
Double pole double throw
Dt or Dt
Change in time
DTL
Diode transistor logic
Dv or Dv
Change in voltage
DVM
Digital voltmeter
E DC or Erms
Difference in potential
e
Instantaneous difference in potential
ECG
Electrocardiogram
ECL
Emitter coupled logic
EHF
Extremely high frequency
EHV
Extra high voltage
ELF
Extremely low frequency
EMF
Electromotive force
EMI
Electromagnetic interference
EW
Electronic warfare
f
Frequency
FET
Field effect transistor
FF
Flip Flop
fil
Filament
FM
Frequncy modulation
fr
Frequency at resonance
fsk
frequency-shift keying
FSD
Full scale deflection
G
Gravitational force
G
Conductance
G
Giga (109 )
H
Henry
H
Magnetic field intensity
H
Magnetizing flux
h
hecto (102 )
h
Hybrid
HF
High frequency
hp
Horsepower
Hz
Hertz
I
Current
i
Instantaneous current
IB
DC Base current
IC
DC Collector current
IC
Integrated circuit
Ie
Total emitter current
Ieff
Effective current
IF
Intermediate frequency
Imax
Maximum current
Imin
Minimum current
I/O
Input/output
IR
Infrared
IR
Resistor current
IS
Secondary current
IT
Total current
JFET
Junction field effedt transistor
K
Coefficient of coupling
k
Kilo (103 )
kHz
Kilohertz
kV
Kilovolt
kVA
Kilovoltampere
kW
Kilowatt
kWh
Kilowatt-hour
L
Coil, inductance
LC
Inductance-capacitance
LCD
Liquid crystal display
L-C-R
Inductance-capacitance-resistance
LDR
Light-dependent resistor
LED
Light emitting diode
LF
Low frequency
LM
Mutual inductance
LNA
Low noise amplifier
LO
Local oscillator
LSI
Large scale integration
LT
Total inductance
M
Mega (106 )
M
Mutual conductance
MI
Mutual inductance
m
Milli (10-3 )
mA
Milliampere
mag
Magnetron
max
Maximum
MF
Medium frequency
mH
Millihenry
MHz
Megahertz
min
Minimum
mm
Millimeter
mmf
Magnetomotive force
MOS
Metal oxide semiconductor
MOSFET
Metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor
MPU
Microprocessor unit
MSI
Medium scale integrated circuit
mV
Millivolt
mW
Milliwatt

N
Number of turns in an inductor
N
Revolutions per minute
n
Nano (10-9)
N
Negative
nA
Nanoampere
NC
Normally closed
NC
No connection
NEG, neg
Negative
nF
Nanofarad
nH
Nanohenry
nm
Nanometer
NO
Normally open
NPN
Negative-positive-negative
ns
Nanosecond
nW
Nanowatt
OP AMP
Operational amplifier
P
Pico (10-12)
P
Power
p
Instantaneous power
P
Positive, also peak
PA
Public address or power amplifier
pA
Picoampere
PAL
Programmable Array Logic
PAM, pam
Pulse amplitude modulation
Pap
Apparent power
Pav
Average power
PCB
Printed circuit board
PCM, pcm
Pulse-code modulation
PDM
Pulse-duration modulation
pF
Picofarad
PLD
Programmable Logic Device
PLL
Phase locked loop
PM
Phase modulation, also Permanent magnet
PNP
Positive-negative-positive
POT, pot
Potentiometer
P-P
Peak to peak
PPM
Pulse-position modulation
PRF
Pulse repetition frequency
PRT
Pulse repetition time
pw
Pulse width
PWM, pwm
Pulse width modulation
Q
Charge, also quality
q
Instantaneous charge
R
Potentiometer
R
Resistance
RAM
Random access memory
RC
Resistance-capacitance, also Radio controlled
rcvr
Receiver
rect
Rectifier
ref
Reference
rf
Radio frequencies
RF
Radio frequencies
RFI
Radio frequency interference
RL
Load resistor
RLC
Resistance-capacitance-inductance
RMS, rms
Root mean square
ROM
Read only memory
rpm
Revolutions per minute
SCR
Silicon controlled rectifier
SHF
Super high frequency
SIP
Single in-line package
SNR
Signal-to-noise ratio
SPDT
Single pole double throw
sq cm
Square centimeter
SSB
Single sideband
SW
Short wave
SWR
Standing-wave ratio
SYNC, sync
Synchronous
T
Tera (1012)
T
Torque
T
Transformer
t
Time in seconds
TC
Time constant, also temperature coefficient
TE
Transverse electric
temp
Temperature
THz
Terahertz
TM
Transverse magnetic
TR
Transmit-receive
TTL
Transistor-transistor logic
TV
Television
TWT
Travelling wave tube
UHF
Ultra high frequency
UHV
Ultra high voltage
UJT
Unijunction transistor
UV
Ultraviolet
V
Vacuum tube
V, v
Volt
v
Instantaneous voltage
VA
Volt ampere
Vav
Voltage (average value)
VBE
DC voltage base to emitter
Vc
Capacitive voltage
VCE
DC voltage collector to emitter
VCO
Voltage controlled oscillator
VHF
Very high frequency
Vin
Input voltage
VL
Inductive voltage
VLF
Very low frequency
Vm, Vmax
Maximum voltage
VOM
Volt ohm milliameter
Vout
Output voltage
Vp
Primary voltage
VS
Source voltage
VSWR
Voltage standing wave ratio
VT
Total voltage
W
Watt
XC
Capacitive reactance
XL
Inductive reactance
Y
Admittance
Z
Impedance
Zin
Input impedance
Zo
Output impedance
Zp
Primary impedance
Zs
Secondary impedance
ZT
Total impedance